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Things To Worry About
Big Pharma (-ceuticals)
“The truth is that the insurance and pharmaceutical companies in this country are bribing the United States Congress.”
— Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont
The use of natural remedies in medicine goes back to pre-history and to antiquity: Hippocrates of Kos is often referred to as the 'Father of Medicine' for founding the first School of Medicine, which revolutionized medicine in Ancient Greece, and indeed created medicine as a distinct profession. The first pharmacies, or drug stores, were established in Baghdad in 754; by the 9th Century they were state-regulated. In the 5th Century, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, medicinal knowledge in Europe all but disappeared. In the early 11th century, Salerno scholar Constantinos Africanus translated many Arabic books into Latin, driving a shift from Hippocratic medicine towards a pharmaceutical-driven approach advocated by Galen. The new printing press [late 15th Century] spread medicinal textbooks and formularies; the "Antidotarium" [circa 12th Century] was the first printed drug formulary.
The first drugstores or apothecary shops in North America appeared in the 17th Century. In rural areas, each local physician was usually his own pharmacist, sometimes 'forced' to dispense unneeded remedies in order to charge a fee for the visit. "The New Dispensatory" [1753] by William Lewis was regarded as the first truly scientific work on pharmacy in the English language, along with a later book intended as an improvement on Lewis, "The Edinburgh New Dispensatory" [1786] - both books were printed in England and then in America. While organized pharmacy in the United States began with the founding of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1821, there was virtually no regulation and the population was beset with all manner of useless and dangerous nostrums. Mechanization and mass production created new modes of medication-delivery, among them the gelatin capsule (1875), the tablet (1884), and the enteric-coated pill (1884). By 1900, most pharmacies stocked the shelves, partially or predominantly, with medicines prefabricated en masse by the growing pharmaceutical industry. In 1929, the Borun Brothers opened Los Angeles retail outlets under the name Thrifty Cut Rate in downtown Los Angeles, shortly renamed Thrifty Drug Store, ushering in the age of the modern drug, sundries & household wares chain-store model with hired/contracted professional in-house pharmacists.
The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its roots to local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs to wholesale manufacture in the mid-1800s; rational drug discovery from plants started with the isolation of morphine from opium in 1804; diacetylmorphine (better known as heroin) was synthesized from morphine in 1874 and brought to market by Bayer AG in 1898.
Further important events in pharmaceutical history include:
• in March 1863: Congress passed the False Claims Act, which is often referred to as the 'Lincoln Law'.
• in 1885: Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first rabies vaccine.
• circa 1900: the discovery of epinephrine, also known as adrenalin or adrenaline.
• in 1906: passage of the U.S. Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.
• in 1911: the discovery of the barbiturate phenobarbital at Bayer AG.
• in 1911: the discovery of arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, in Berlin; arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis.
• in 1914: the first diphtheria vaccines were produced.
• in early 1922: insulin was first isolated and successfully tested by Frederick Banting at the University of Toronto.
• in 1923: Eli Lilly & Co. devised a process that made a much purer insulin product.
• in 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the antibacterial effects of penicillin, but its exploitation for treatment of human disease awaited the development of methods for large scale production & purification; these were developed during the Second World War.
• in 1932: a research team at Bayer/IG Farben in Germany discovered the first of the antimicrobial sulfa drugs, which was marketed as Prontosil.
• in 1938: passage of the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.
• after World War II: an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs included: the cephalosporins (discovered 1945, developed by Eli Lilly, on sale 1964); erythromycin (discovered at Eli Lilly in 1952); streptomycin, the first effective treatment for tuberculosis (discovered in 1953 during a Merck-funded research program); and the tetracyclines (discovered at Lederle Laboratories, now Pfizer; patented in 1953, on sale 1978).
• in 1954: Jonas Salk's polio vaccine, which was intentionally not patented.
• mid-1950s: Merck and Co. discovered & developed chlorothiazide, which remains the most widely used antihypertensive drug today.
• in 1957: Maurice Hilleman joined Merck & Co. in West Point, Pennsylvania; he developed forty experimental & licensed animal and human vaccines, including vaccines against measles (1963 & 1968), mumps (1963), rubella (1969), the trivalent (measles, mumps, and rubella) MMR vaccine (1971), meningitis (1970s), hepatitis B (1981), chickenpox (1984), and hepatitis A (1991 & 1995).
• in 1960: Enovid, the first oral contraceptive, was developed by E.D. Searle and Co.; by 1965, 6.5 million American women were using 'the pill'.
• in November 1961: the sedative Kevadon (thalidomide) was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities; without approval from the FDA, the William S. Merrell Company of Cincinnati, Ohio had since 1956 distributed Kevadon to over 1,000 physicians in Germany under the guise of investigational use; patients included 624 pregnant women, and about 17 known newborns suffered the effects of the drug; the thalidomide tragedy resurrected a bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962.
• in 1971, Japanese pharmaceutical company Sankyo identified mevastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol; animal trials found toxic effects at higher doses and as a result mevastatin was believed to be too toxic for human use. The chief scientist of Merck & Co. made several trips to Japan starting in 1975, and by 1978, Merck had isolated lovastatin, first marketed for treatment of high cholesterol in 1987 as Mevacor.
• in 1980: Merck & Co. patented simvastatin, which came into medical use in 1992, marketed under the trade name Zocor among others; available as a generic medication, simvastatin was the 8th-most prescribed medication in the United States in 2016, with more than 65 million prescriptions.
There are many 'tinfoil hat' conspiracy theories out there, and then there are Big Pharma and the F.D.A.:
• in September 1982, seven random people in Chicago were murdered by taking Tylenol Extra-Strength acetaminophen capsules that had been tampered with and contained potassium cyanide. Tamper-proof, triple sealed product containers were on the shelves in only ten weeks (some conspiracies can be beneficial); Congress quickly passed laws making such tampering illegal, but laws requiring tamper-proof packaging on medicine and food were not passed until 1989.
• in 1989, several dozen deaths linked to L-tryptophan dietary supplements imported from Japan led to a ban on importation and sale; the ban on over-the-counter sales of L-tryptophan, largely used as a sleep aid, was lifted in 2005.
• in 1994, benzalkonium chloride (the primary ingredient in merthiolate antiseptic solutions and in many eyedrops products) was tentatively classed as Category III by the United States Food and Drug Administration, which means that 'available data are insufficient to classify as safe and effective, and further testing is required'; after several studies, that classification was finalized in December 2018.
• in 1998, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration re-classified merbromin (common brand name Mercurochrome) as 'Not Generally Recognized as Safe' due to its mercury content and a lack of recent studies; the product is no longer sold in Switzerland, Brazil, France, Germany, and the United States.
The pharmaceutical industry is recently under fire for illegal practices used to defraud the U.S. health care system and for falsely marketing their drugs to physicians and to patients. Recent record-setting settlements under the 1863 False Claims Act include: Pfizer settled for $2.3 billion in a case involving Bextra, Zyvox, Lyrica & Geodon in 2009; Eli Lilly settled for $1.4 billion in a case involving Zyprexa in 2009; GlaxoSmithKline settled for $3 billion in a case involving Avandia, Wellbutrin & Paxil in 2012; and Abbott Laboratories settled for $1.5 billion in a case involving Depakote in 2012.
Spending by the pharmaceutical industry to lobby Congress and state legislatures continues to produce the desired results; for example, patients or doctors cannot sue corporations for problems caused by faulty vaccines.
l i n k s
'history of pharmacy' entry at Wikipedia
'history of U.S. pharmacy' entry at Wikipedia
'pharmaceutical industry' entry at Wikipedia
list of U.S. pharmaceutical companies at Wikipedia
worldwide list of pharmaceutical companies at Wikipedia
American Pharmacists Association [est. 1852] membership is more than 62,000
top 25 drug companies by pharma sales (2018)
Johnson & Johnson - United States $81.38B
Pfizer - United States $53.370B
Novartis - Switzerland $52.67B
Merck & Co - United States $41.37B
Sanofi-Aventis - France $40.14B
GlaxoSmithKline - United Kingdom $38.30B
Abbott Laboratories - United States $30.40B
Roche - Switzerland $27.290B
Lilly - United States $24.28B
Amgen - United States $23.32B
Bristol-Myers Squibb - United States $22.04B
AstraZeneca - United Kingdom+Sweden $21.45B
Teva - Israel $19.75B
Boehringer Ingelheim - Germany $13.860B
Bayer AG - Germany $10.162B
Takeda - Japan $8.716B
Schering-Plough - United States $8.561B
Genentech - United States $7.640B
Astellas - Japan $7.390B
Novo Nordisk - Denmark $7.087B
Daiichi Sankyo - Japan $6.790B
Baxter International - United States $6.461B
Merck KGaA - Germany $5.643B
Eisai - Japan $4.703B
Wyeth {sold 2008, split 2009} - United States $1.68B
pharmaceutical giant Bayer AG [est. 1863] of Germany
2016 Late Sept: After their first bid was rejected, pharmaceutical giant Bayer AG [est. 1863] of Germany increased their purchase offer to $66B, which the board of sprawling international agrichemical behemoth Monsanto Company accepted (pending governmental approval).
1901: Founding of Monsanto Chemical Company in St. Louis, Missouri; today's sprawling international behemoth Monsanto Company agrichemical concern is being purchased for $66B by pharmaceutical giant Bayer AG [est. 1863] of Germany.
Eli Lilly and Co.
Merck
Merck is hoarding $40.4 billion in untaxed foreign profit (2011)
Swiss pharmaceutical giant drugmaker Novartis
President Trump's personal lawyer, Michael Cohen, signed a $1.2 million contract with drugmaker Novartis in February 2017
Pfizer is the country’s largest pharmaceutical company, with nearly $1 billion in annual government contracts.
Later in 2016, Pfizer plans to renounce its U.S. citizenship by merging with Allergan, an Irish-based company. This would allow Pfizer to dodge the $35 billion tax bill it owes on its stash of untaxed offshore profits.
CVS Pharmacy chain
CVS to buy Aetna for $69 billion nov 2017 -- Pharmacy chain CVS Health Corp. will buy health insurer Aetna for $69 billion, the companies announced Sunday. The merger is one of the largest in the health-care industry in the past decade, creating a company with drug stores, health-plan management services, and insurance. CVS will pay $207 a share for Aetna, a 29 percent premium on Aetna's share price on Oct. 25, before news of the negotiations broke. CVS also will assume Aetna's debt, bringing the value of the deal to $78 billion. The companies expect $750 million in synergies, but the main benefit is that the deal will help them develop a new way of delivering care, creating what the companies' CEOs said would be "10,000 new front doors for the health-care system" at CVS stores and clinics.
Osco Drugs pharmacy chain
Amazon to buy online pharmacy PillPack
Rite Aid pharmacy chain
2016 Dec 20: Walgreens announced that it will sell 865 Rite Aid stores to Fred's Pharmacy for $950 million to address F.T.C. antitrust concerns about the proposed merger with Rite Aid; but Bloomberg News reports that those divestitures haven't satisfied the F.T.C.
Albertsons announced in February 2018 that it is purchasing the Rite Aid pharmacy chain, which has 2,500 stores.
Sav-on Drugs pharmacy chain
Walgreens is the nation’s largest pharmacy retailer with 8,200 stores that are located in all 50 states, plus Guam & Puerto Rico.
official website • entry at Wikipedia
The Walgreens Pharmacy chain bought Duane Reade for $623 million in April 2010.
Selected Books on the Subject
search for books on keyword 'pharmaceutical industry' (returns 5,000 titles) at Amazon
"Corporate Crime In The Pharmaceutical Industry" [Apr 1984] by John Braithwaite
https://www.amazon.com/Corporate-Crime-Pharmaceutical-Industry-Braithwaite/dp/0710200498/
https://www.amazon.com/Corporate-Pharmaceutical-Industry-Routledge-Revivals/dp/0415815622/ 2014
 | "Strong Medicine" A Novel" [1984] New York Times bestseller by Arthur Hailey Hailey's bestselling potboiler about several couples and the internal politics of a pharmaceutical giant in the U.S.A. and England; book was made into a TV film in 1986 {see below} starring Pamela Sue Martin, Patrick Duffy, Dick Van Dyke, Sam Neill, Ben Cross, Gayle Hunnicutt, and Annette O'Toole Kindle Edition from Open Road Media [10/2015] for $8.59 Dell mass pb [2/91] out of print/100+ used Doubleday 9x6 pb [6/2001] for $19.33 Doubleday 8¼x5½ hardcover [9/84] out of print/160+ used book entry at Wikipedia |
"Pill Peddlers: Essays On The History of The Pharmaceutical Industry" [1990] by Jonathan Liebenau, Gregory J. Higby, et al.
https://www.amazon.com/Peddlers-Essays-History-Pharmaceutical-Industry/dp/0931292220/
 | "The Billion-Dollar Molecule: One Company's Quest For The Perfect Drug" [1994] by Barry Werth The intriguing story of Vertex, a start-up pharmaceutical company headquartered in Cambridge, Massa-chusetts and its efforts to create an anti-AIDS drug - from test tubes to the Wall Street I.P.O. and beyond; sequel "The Antidote" was published in 2014 {see below} Kindle Edition from Simon & Schuster Digital Sales [8/2013] for $13.99 Simon & Schuster 8½x5½ pb [3/95] for $18.00 Simon & Schuster 9½x6½ hardcover [2/94] for $43.35 |
 | "Prescription Games: Money, Ego, and Power Inside The Global Pharmaceutical Industry" [2001] by Jeffrey Robinson Simon & Schuster 9½x5½ hardcover [2001] for $133.36 {sic} McClelland & Stewart 9x6¼ hardcover [2001] out of print/used |
 | "The Big Fix: How The Pharmaceutical Industry Rips Off American Consumers" [2003] by Katharine Greider Kindle Edition from PublicAffairs/Hachette [12/2008] for $9.99 Publicaffairs Reports 8½x5½ pb [5/2003] for $13.90 |
 | "The Truth About The Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What To Do About It" [2004] by Marcia Angell, MD Kindle Edition from Random House [8/2004] for $13.99 Random House Trade 8x5¼ pb [8/2005] for $13.76 Random House 9½x6½ hardcover [8/2004] for $22.43 |
 | "Lingua Pharma: A Glossary of Terms For The Pharmaceutical Industry" [2005] by John J. Campbell hardcover [8/2005] for $24.95 |
"Ethics and The Pharmaceutical Industry" [Oct 2005] by Michael A. Santoro & Thomas M. Gorrie
https://www.amazon.com/Ethics-Pharmaceutical-Industry-Michael-Santoro/dp/0521854962/
"The Law and Ethics of The Pharmaceutical Industry" [Nov 2005] by M.N.G. Dukes
https://www.amazon.com/Law-Ethics-Pharmaceutical-Industry/dp/0444518681/
 | "Big Pharma: How The World's Biggest Drug Companies Market Illness" [2006] by British journalist Jacky Law — alternate subtitle: Exposing The Global Healthcare Agenda Carroll & Graf 9x6 pb [2/2006] out of print/used Robinson Publng 9x6 pb [1/2006] out of print/used Constable hardcover [2006] out of print/used |
 | "The Whistleblower: Confessions of A Healthcare Hitman" [2006] by Peter Rost, MD First publication as 'by author Anonymous'; book details the illegal and-or criminal practices within one of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies that were witnessed by senior executive author Rost, while he personally fought to legalize reimportation of cheaper-priced drugs. But since the Enron scandal, whistleblowers cannot be fired outright, so the corporation used coercion against the author and his family to try to silence him. Kindle Edition from Soft Skull Press [2006 edition] for $9.80 Soft Skull Press 8½x5½ pb [9/2006] for $10.32 |
 | "The Medicine Game" [2012] by Darryl Bollinger Three workers in a Southwest Florida hospital realize that a new high-priced drug is losing its effectiveness; they dig deeper and confirm their suspicions and then realize that they have become a serious threat to a corrupt corporation that will do anything to protect the billions of dollars in income that are at stake. Kindle Edition from Amazon Digital Services [1/2012] for $3.99 J.N.B. Press 8x5¼ pb [3/2012] for $14.99 |
"Drugs For Life: How Pharmaceutical Companies Define Our Health" [Sept 2012] by Joseph Dumit
https://www.amazon.com/Drugs-Life-Pharmaceutical-Companies-Experimental/dp/0822348608/
"Devalued and Distrusted: Can The Pharmaceutical Industry Restore Its Broken Image?"
by John L. LaMattina | Jan 9, 2013
https://www.amazon.com/Devalued-Distrusted-Pharmaceutical-Industry-Restore/dp/1118487478/
 | "Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients" [2013] by Ben Goldacre Kindle Edition from FS&G/Macmillan [2/2013] for $9.99 Farrar, Straus & Giroux 8¼x5½ pb [4/2014] for $14.39 Farrar, Straus & Giroux 8½x6 hardcover [2/2013] for $25.99 book entry at Wikipedia |
"Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime" [Aug 2013] by Peter Gotzsche |
https://www.amazon.com/Deadly-Medicines-Organised-Crime-Healthcare/dp/1138443476/
"Blockbuster Drugs: The Rise and Decline of The Pharmaceutical Industry" [] by Jie Jack Li | Jan 2, 2014
https://www.amazon.com/Blockbuster-Drugs-Decline-Pharmaceutical-Industry/dp/0199737681/
 | "The Antidote: Inside The World of New Pharma" [2014] by Barry Werth author and journalist Werth's sequel to "The Billion-Dollar Molecule" [1994] {see above}: further adventures after the Vertex startup's IPO Kindle Edition from Simon & Schuster Digital Sales [2/2014] for $13.99 Simon & Schuster 9x6 pb [12/2014] for $14.29 Simon & Schuster 9¼x6¼ hardcover [2/2014] for $35.97 |
"Medical Monopoly: Intellectual Property Rights and The Origins of The Modern Pharmaceutical Industry" [Oct 2014] by Joseph M. Gabriel |
https://www.amazon.com/Medical-Monopoly-Intellectual-Pharmaceutical-Synthesis/dp/022610818X/
"Dreamland: The True Tale of America's Opiate Epidemic" [Apr 2016] by Sam Quinones
https://www.amazon.com/Dreamland-True-Americas-Opiate-Epidemic/dp/1620402521/
 | "Drug Wars: How Big Pharma Raises Prices and Keeps Generics Off The Market" [2017] by Robin Feldman & Evan Frondorf Kindle Edition from Cambridge Univ Press [6/2017] for $14.60 Cambridge Univ Press 9¼x6¼ hardcover [6/2017] for $17.39 |
"An American Sickness: How Healthcare Became Big Business and How You Can Take It Back" [Mar 2018] by Elisabeth Rosenthal
https://www.amazon.com/American-Sickness-Healthcare-Became-Business/dp/1594206759/
"China Rx: Exposing The Risks of America's Dependence On China For Medicine" [Apr 2018] by Rosemary Gibson & Janardan Prasad Singh
https://www.amazon.com/China-Rx-Exposing-Americas-Dependence/dp/1633883817/
"Pain Killer: An Empire of Deceit and The Origin of America's Opioid Epidemic" [May 2018] by Barry Meier
https://www.amazon.com/Pain-Killer-Empire-Americas-Epidemic/dp/0525511105/
"Dopesick: Dealers, Doctors, and The Drug Company That Addicted America" [Aug 7, 2018] by Beth Macy
http://www.amazon.com/Dopesick-Dealers-Doctors-Company-Addicted/dp/0316551244/
 | "Big Pharma, Big Greed: The Inside Story of One Lawyer’s Battle To Stem The Flood of Dangerous Medicines and Protect Public Health" [2019] by Stephen A. Sheller Esq. with Sidney D. Kirkpatrick & Christopher Mondics Kindle Edition from Strong Arm Press [2/2019] for $9.99 Strong Arm Press 9x6 pb [2/2019] for $13.14 Strong Arm Press 9x6 pb [2/2019] for $14.00 |
"Drugs, Money, and Secret Handshakes: The Unstoppable Growth of Prescription Drug Prices" [Apr 2019] by Robin Feldman
https://www.amazon.com/Drugs-Money-Secret-Handshakes-Prescription/dp/1108482457/
"Bottle of Lies: The Inside Story of The Generic Drug Boom" [May 2019] by Katherine Eban
https://www.amazon.com/Bottle-Lies-Inside-Story-Generic/dp/0062338781/
movies & television, other media
· ·
 | "Strong Medicine" TV movie [Telepictures/T.V.S. 1986] Based on the novel by Arthur Hailey {see above}: a potboiler about several couples and the internal politics of a pharmaceutical giant in the U.S.A. and England • filmed in England & Spain; directed by Guy Green; adapted by Rita Lakin; starring Pamela Sue Martin, Patrick Duffy, Dick Van Dyke, Sam Neill, Ben Cross, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Gayle Hunnicutt, Annette O'Toole VHS/DVD/Blu-ray not available • full credits at IMDb |
 | "Nebenwirkungen (Side Effects)" thriller TV movie [Switzerland 2007] A young pharmacist working for a pharmaceutical giant discovers procedural irregularities and her subsequent investigation places her job and then her life in jeopardy . . . • Directed by Manuel Siebenmann; written by Daniel von Aarburg; starring Sabine Timoteo, Michael Neuenschwander, Roeland Wiesnekker, Hanspeter Müller, Jean-Pierre Cornu, Hanspeter Bader, Daniel Buser, David Chrisman, Lilian Fritz, Michèle Müller DVD/Blu-ray not available • credits at IMDb |
 | "Le Nouveau Protocole (The New Protocol)" [Studio Canal March 2008] When a man discovers that his teenage son died during testing of an experimental drug, his investigations lead to dangerous attacks from ruthless corporate officials . . . • Co-written & directed by Thomas Vincent; co-written by Éric Besnard; starring Clovis Cornillac, Marie-Josée Croze, Dominique Reymond, Stéphane Hillel, Gilles Cohen, Xavier Boulanger, Frédéric Bocquet, Suzanne Wognin, Carole Richert, Jeannel, Philippe Ohrel, Ysmahane Yaqini, Anne Baudoux, Leila Feravet, Philippe Fléchaire, Abdel Kader Dahou, Eric Vincent, Oumar Diaoure, Emmanuel Lanzi, François Meyer, Jean-Philippe Meyer, Amandine Pudlo, Fabrice Bénard, Stéphane Brizé, Daniel Bill, Ian Turiak, Donna Flandrin Region 1 Blu-ray/DVD not available • full credits at IMDb • official movie site watch official trailers: subtitled [1:04] at Studio Canal • 3/2008 French-language [2:16] at YouTube |
"Money Driven Medicine" [2009] = MoneyDrivenMedicine.org
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1318520/
"Orgasm Inc." documentary [2009]
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1439562/
"Fire in the Blood" documentary [2013]
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1787067/
"Die letzte Flucht" [2015] episode of the "Dengler" TV series
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6390086/
"Cause of Death: Unknown" documentary, thriller [2017]
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6151226/
"The Goose That Laid the Golden Egg" [pre-production]
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4944916/
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